PMOL Working Group                                          D. Malas 
  Internet-Draft                                             CableLabs 
  Intended status: Standards Track                    October 31, 2008 
  Expires: April 2009                                                   
                                      
                    SIP End-to-End Performance Metrics 
                  draft-ietf-pmol-sip-perf-metrics-02.txt 


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   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 31, 2009. 

Abstract 

   This document defines a set of metrics and their usage to evaluate 
   the performance of end-to-end Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) based 
   services in both production and testing environments.  The purpose of 
   this document is to combine a set of common metrics, allowing 
   interoperable performance measurements, easing the comparison of 
   industry implementations. 

Table of Contents 

    
   1. Introduction and Scope.........................................2 
   2. Terminology....................................................3 
   3. Time Interval Measurement and Reporting........................4 
   4. SIP Performance Metrics........................................6 
      4.1. Registration Request Delay (RRD)..........................6 
 
 
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      4.2. Ineffective Registration Attempts (IRA)...................7 
      4.3. Session Request Delay (SRD)...............................8 
         4.3.1. Successful Session Setup SRD.........................9 
         4.3.2. Failed Session Setup SRD............................10 
         4.3.3. Instant Messaging...................................11 
      4.4. Session Disconnect Delay (SDD)...........................11 
         4.4.1. Successful session completion SDD...................11 
         4.4.2. Failed session completion SDD.......................12 
      4.5. Session Duration Time (SDT)..............................13 
         4.5.1. Successful session completion SDT...................14 
         4.5.2. Failed session completion SDT.......................15 
      4.6. Hops per Request (HpR)...................................16 
      4.7. Session Establishment Ratio (SER)........................18 
         4.7.1. Instant Messaging...................................18 
      4.8. Session Establishment Effectiveness Ratio (SEER).........19 
      4.9. Session Defects (SD).....................................19 
      4.10. Ineffective Session Attempts (ISA)......................20 
      4.11. Session Disconnect Failures (SDF).......................20 
      4.12. Session Completion Ratio (SCR)..........................21 
         4.12.1. Successful Session Completion......................21 
         4.12.2. Failed Session Completion..........................22 
      4.13. Session Success Ratio (SSR).............................23 
   5. Metric Correlations...........................................23 
   6. Additional Considerations.....................................24 
      6.1. Back-to-back User Agent (B2BUA)..........................24 
      6.2. Authorization and Authentication.........................24 
      6.3. Forking..................................................24 
      6.4. Data Collection..........................................25 
      6.5. Testing Documentation....................................25 
   7. Security Considerations.......................................25 
   8. IANA Considerations...........................................25 
   9. Conclusions...................................................26 
   10. Contributors.................................................26 
   11. Acknowledgments..............................................26 
   12. References...................................................26 
      12.1. Normative References....................................26 
      12.2. Informative References..................................27 
   Author's Addresses...............................................28 
   Intellectual Property Statement..................................28 
   Disclaimer of Validity...........................................28 
   Copyright Statement..............................................28 
   Acknowledgment...................................................29 
    
1. Introduction and Scope 

   SIP has become a widely-used standard among many service providers, 
   vendors, and end users.  Although there are many different standards 
   for measuring the performance of signaling protocols, none of them 
   specifically address SIP. 
 
 
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   The scope of this document is limited to the definitions of a 
   standard set of metrics for measuring and reporting SIP performance 
   from an end-to-end perspective.  The metrics introduce a common 
   foundation for understanding and quantifying performance expectations 
   between service providers, vendors, and the users of services based 
   on SIP.  The intended audience for this document can be found among 
   network operators, who often collect information on the 
   responsiveness of the network to customer requests for services. 

   Measurements of the metrics described in this document are affected 
   by variables external to SIP.  The following is a non-exhaustive list 
   of examples:  

     . Network connectivity 

     . Switch and router performance 

     . Server processes and hardware performance 

   Note that some metrics in this document may not apply to all 
   applications of SIP.  This document defines a list of pertinent 
   metrics, which may be used individually or as a set based on the 
   usage of SIP within the context of a given service. 

   The metrics defined in this document DO NOT take into consideration 
   the impairment or failure of actual application processing of a 
   request or response.  The metrics do not distinguish application 
   processing time from other sources of delay, such as packet transfer 
   delay. 

   Metrics designed to quantify single device application processing 
   performance are beyond the scope of this document. 

   This document does not provide any numerical objectives or acceptance 
   threshold values for the SIP performance metrics defined below, as 
   these items are beyond the scope of IETF activities, in general. 

   The metrics defined in this document are applicable in scenarios 
   where the SIP messages launched (into a network under test) are 
   dedicated messages for testing purposes, or where the messages are 
   user-initiated and a portion of the live traffic present.  These two 
   scenarios are sometimes referred to as active and passive 
   measurement, respectively. 

2.  Terminology 

   The following terms and conventions will be used throughout this 
   document: 

 
 
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   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", 
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this 
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [1]. 

   End-to-End - This is described as two or more elements utilized for 
   initiating a request, receiving the request, and responding to the 
   request.  It encompasses elements as necessary to be involved in a 
   session dialog between the originating user agent client (UAC), 
   destination user agent server (UAS), and any interim proxies (may 
   also include back-to-back user agent's (B2BUA's)). This may be 
   relative to a single operator's set of elements or extend to 
   encompass all elements (if beyond a single operator's network) 
   associated with a session. 

   Session - As described in RFC 3261, SIP is used primarily to request, 
   create, and conclude sessions.  "These sessions include Internet 
   telephone calls, multimedia distribution, and multimedia conferences 
   [2]."  The metrics within this document measure the performance 
   associated with the processes necessary to establish these sessions; 
   therefore, they are titled as: Session Request Delay, Session 
   Disconnect Delay, etc.  Although the titles of many of the metrics 
   include this term, they are specifically measuring the signaling 
   aspects only. 

   Session Establishment - Session establishment occurs when a 200 OK 
   response from the UAS has been received, in response to a 
   corresponding UAC's INVITE setup request, indicating the session 
   setup request was successful. 

   Session Setup - As referenced within the sub-sections of 4.2 in this 
   document, session setup is the set of messages and included 
   parameters directly related to the process of a UAC requesting to 
   establish a session with a corresponding UAS.  This is also described 
   as a set of steps in order to establish "ringing" [2]. 

3. Time Interval Measurement and Reporting 

   Many of the metrics defined in this memo utilize a clock to assess 
   the time interval between two events. This section defines time-
   related terms and reporting requirements. 

   T1 - start time 

   This is the time instant (when a request is sent) that begins a 
   continuous time interval.  T1 occurs when the designated request has 
   been processed by the SIP application and the first bit of the 
   request packet has been sent from the UA or proxy (and is externally 
   observable at some logical or physical interface). 

 
 
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   T1 represents the time at which each request-response test begins, 
   and SHALL be used to designate the time-of-day when a particular 
   measurement was conducted (e.g., The Session Request Delay at "T1" 
   and <some specific UA interface> was measured to be X ms.) 

   T4 - end time 

   This is the time instant that concludes the continuous time interval 
   begun when the related request is sent.  T4 occurs when the last bit 
   of the designated response is received by the SIP application at the 
   requesting device (and is externally observable at some logical or 
   physical interface). 

   Note:  The designations T2 and T3 are reserved for future use at 
   another interface involved in satisfying a request. 

   Section 10.1 of [12] describes time-related issues in measurements, 
   and defines the errors that can be attributed to the clocks 
   themselves. These definitions are used in the material below. 

   Time of Day Accuracy 

   As defined above, T1 is associated with the start of a request and 
   also serves as the time-of-day stamp associated with a single 
   specific measurement. The time offset [12] is the difference between 
   T1 and a recognized primary source of time, such as UTC (offset = T1-
   UTC).  

   When measurement results will be correlated with other results or 
   information using time-of-day stamps, then the time clock that 
   supplies T1 SHOULD be synchronized to a primary time source, to 
   minimize the time offset. 

   Time Interval Accuracy 

   The accuracy of the T4-T1 interval is also critical to maintain and 
   report. The relevant definition from [12] is "skew": the difference 
   between time offsets at T1 and T4 is the error for the measurement 
   interval associated with the clock's skew.  

   A stable and reasonably accurate clock is needed to make the time 
   interval measurements required by this memo. The clock error SHOULD 
   be constrained to less than +/- 1 ms, implying 1 part per 1000 
   frequency accuracy for a 1 second interval. 

   There are several other important aspects of clock operation: 

   1. Synchronization protocols require some ability to make adjustments 
      to the local clock. However, these adjustments (clock steps or 
 
 
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      slewing) can cause large errors if they occur during the T1 to T4 
      measurement interval. Clock correction SHOULD be suspended during 
      a T1 to T4 measurement interval, unless the time interval accuracy 
      requirement above will be met. 

   2. If a free-running clock is used to make the time interval 
      measurement, then value of T1 reported SHOULD be derived from a 
      different clock that meets the time of day accuracy requirements 
      described above. 

   The physical operation of reading time from a clock may be 
   constrained by the delay to service the interrupt. Therefore, the 
   accuracy of the time stamp read at T1 or T4 always includes the 
   interrupt delay, and this source of error SHOULD be known and 
   included in the error assessment. 

4. SIP Performance Metrics 

   In regards to all of the following metrics, T1 begins with the first 
   associated SIP message sent by the UAC or UAS, and is not reset if 
   the UAC or UAS must retransmit the same request multiple times.  The 
   first associated SIP message indicates the T1 associated with the 
   user or application expectation relative to the request. 

   Some metrics are calculated based on the final response message.  
   These metrics do not take into consideration route advances to 
   additional signaling functions based on "final" failure responses.  
   In these unique cases, the final response related to the initial 
   setup attempt SHOULD be utilized for input to the metric. 

   In regards to all of the metrics, the output values are directly 
   related to the accuracy and the equivalent level of granularity of 
   the input values. 

   The following metrics may be utilized for many different SIP 
   applications. 

4.1. Registration Request Delay (RRD) 

   Registration Request Delay is utilized to detect failures or 
   impairments causing delays in responding to a UAC REGISTER request.  
   RRD SHALL be measured and reported only for successful REGISTER 
   requests, and Ineffective Registration Attempts (Section 4.2) SHALL 
   be reported for failures.  This metric is measured at the UAC.  The 
   output value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to 
   indicate milliseconds.  The following represents the calculation for 
   this metric: 

   RRD = Time of Final Response - Time of REGISTER Request 
 
 
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   In a successful registration attempt, RRD is defined as the time 
   interval from the moment the initial REGISTER message containing the 
   necessary information is passed by the originating UAC to the 
   intended registrar until the 200 OK is received indicating the 
   registration attempt has completed successfully.  This dialog 
   includes an expected authentication challenge prior to receiving the 
   200 OK as describe in the following registration flow examples. 

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating RRD during a successful 
   registration completion:  
      
               UA1                 Registrar 
                |                      | 
                |REGISTER              | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |                   401| 
            ||  |<---------------------| 
           RRD  |REGISTER              | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
            \/  |                   200| 
         T4---->|<---------------------| 
                |                      | 

4.2. Ineffective Registration Attempts (IRA) 

   Ineffective registration attempts are utilized to detect failures or 
   impairments causing an inability for a registrar to receive or 
   respond to a UAC REGISTER request.  This metric is measured at the 
   UAC.  The output value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be 
   adjusted to indicate a percentage of registration attempts. 

   This metric is calculated as a percentage of total REGISTER requests.  
   The following represents the calculation for this metric: 

                   # of IRA  
   IRA % = ----------------------------- x 100 
            Total # of REGISTER Requests 

   A failed registration attempt is defined as a final failure response 
   to the initial REGISTER request.  It usually indicates a failure 
   received from the destination registrar, interim proxies, or due to a 
   timeout of the REGISTER request at the originating UA.  A failure 
   response is described as a 4XX (excluding 401, 402, and 407 non-
   failure challenge response codes), 5XX, or possible 6XX message.  A 
   timeout failure is identified by the timer F expiring.  IRA may be 
   used to detect problems in downstream signaling functions, which may 
   be impairing the REGISTER message from reaching the intended 

 
 
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   registrar; or, it may indicate a registrar has become overloaded and 
   is unable to respond to the request. 

   The following flow provides a timeout example of an identifiable 
   event necessary for input as a failed registration attempt:  
      
               UA1                Registrar 
                |                      | 
                |REGISTER              | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |REGISTER              | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |REGISTER              | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                      | 
   Failure ---->|***Timer F Expires    | 
                |                      | 

   The following flow provides a registrar servicing failure example of 
   an identifiable event necessary for input as a failed registration 
   attempt: 

               UA1                Registrar 
                |                      | 
                |REGISTER              | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                      | 
                |                      | 
                |                      | 
                |                      | 
                |                   503| 
   Failure ---->|<---------------------| 
                |                      | 

4.3. Session Request Delay (SRD) 

   Session Request Delay is utilized to detect failures or impairments 
   causing delays in responding to a UA session request.  SRD is 
   measured for both successful and failed session setup requests as 
   this metric usually relates to a user experience; however, SRD for 
   session requests ending in a failure MUST NOT be combined in the same 
   result with successful requests.  The duration associated with 
   success and failure responses will likely vary substantially, and the 
   desired output time associated with each will be significantly 
   different in many cases.  This metric is similar to Post-Selection 
   Delay [9] or Post-Dial Delay (PDD) in telephony applications of SIP, 
   and it is measured at the UAC only.  The output value of this metric 
   is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate milliseconds.  The 
   following represents the calculation for this metric: 
 
 
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   SRD = Time of Status Indicative Response - Time of INVITE 

4.3.1. Successful Session Setup SRD 

   In a successful request attempt, SRD is defined as the time interval 
   from the moment the INVITE message containing the necessary 
   information is passed by the originating agent or user to the 
   intended mediation or destination agent until the first provisional 
   response is received indicating an audible or visual status of the 
   initial session setup request.  In SIP, the message indicating status 
   would be a non-100 Trying provisional message received in response to 
   an INVITE request.  In some cases, a non-100 Trying provisional 
   message is not received, but rather a 200 message is received as the 
   first status message instead.  In these situations, the 200 message 
   would be used to calculate the interval. 

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SRD during a successful session 
   setup request without a redirect (i.e. 3XX message):  
      
               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
           SRD  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            \/  |                   180| 
         T4---->|<---------------------| 
                |                      | 

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SRD during a successful session 
   setup with a redirect (e.g. 302 Moved Temporarily):  
      
               UA1             Redirect Server              UA2 
                |                      |                     | 
                |INVITE                |                     | 
         T1---->|--------------------->|                     | 
            /\  |                   302|                     | 
            ||  |<---------------------|                     | 
            ||  |ACK                   |                     |     
           SRD  |--------------------->|                     | 
            ||  |INVITE                                      | 
            ||  |------------------------------------------->| 
            \/  |                                         180| 
         T4---->|<-------------------------------------------| 
             
 
 
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4.3.2. Failed Session Setup SRD 

   In a failed request attempt, the interval is defined from the initial 
   session request and a non-100 Trying provisional message or a failure 
   indication response.  A failure response is described as a 4XX 
   (excluding 401, 402, and 407 non-failure challenge response codes), 
   5XX, or possible 6XX message.  SRD may be used to detect problems in 
   downstream signaling functions, which may be impairing the INVITE 
   message from reaching the intended UA.  While this metric calculates 
   the delay associated with a failed session request, the metric 
   Ineffective Session Attempts (Section 4.10) is used for calculating a 
   ratio of session attempt failures.  

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SRD during a failed session setup 
   attempt without a redirect (i.e. 3XX message): 
      
               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
           SRD  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            \/  |                   480| 
         T4---->|<---------------------| 
                |                      | 
    
   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SRD during a failed session setup 
   attempt with a redirect (e.g. 302 Moved Temporarily): 
    
               UA1             Redirect Server              UA2 
                |                      |                     | 
                |INVITE                |                     | 
         T1---->|--------------------->|                     | 
            /\  |                   302|                     | 
            ||  |<---------------------|                     | 
            ||  |ACK                   |                     |     
           SRD  |--------------------->|                     | 
            ||  |INVITE                                      | 
            ||  |------------------------------------------->| 
            \/  |                                         480| 
         T4---->|<-------------------------------------------| 
             


 
 
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4.3.3. Instant Messaging 

   This metric is also applicable to MESSAGE [10] requests.  In the 
   above metric, INVITE can be replaced with MESSAGE to provide SRD for 
   instant messaging (IM).  The dialog will vary slightly as described 
   in [10].  The inputs for this metric SHOULD be utilized regardless of 
   whether a prior SIP dialog was utilized to setup the session.  In 
   that case both the SIP dialog and the MESSAGE requests are measured 
   independently. 

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SRD during a successful session 
   MESSAGE request:  
      
               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |MESSAGE               | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
           SRD  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            \/  |                   200| 
         T4---->|<---------------------| 
                |                      | 

   Failure requests occur similarly as to those described in section 
   4.2.2 with MESSAGE in replacement of INVITE as the IM session request 
   method. 
    

4.4. Session Disconnect Delay (SDD) 

   This metric is utilized to detect failures or impairments delaying 
   the time necessary to end a session.  It can be measured from both a 
   UAC and UAS perspective.  SDD is measured for both successful and 
   failed session completions.  The output value of this metric is 
   numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate milliseconds.  The 
   following represents the calculation for this metric: 

   SDD = Time of 2XX or Timeout - Time of Completion Message (BYE) 

4.4.1. Successful session completion SDD 

   In a successful session completion, SDD is defined as the interval 
   between sending a session completion message, such as a BYE, and 
   receiving the subsequent 2XX acknowledgement.  The following flows 
   provide an example of identifiable events necessary for inputs in 
   calculating SDD during a successful session completion: 
 
 
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   Measuring SDD at the UAC - 

               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |ACK                   | 
                |--------------------->|  
                |BYE                   | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
           SDD  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            \/  |                   200| 
         T4---->|<---------------------| 

   Measuring SDD at the UAS - 

               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |ACK                   | 
                |--------------------->|  
                |                   BYE| 
                |<---------------------|<----T1 
                |                      |  /\ 
                |                      |  || 
                |                      | SDD 
                |                      |  || 
                |200                   |  \/ 
                |--------------------->|<----T4 

4.4.2. Failed session completion SDD 

   In some cases, no response is received after a session completion 
   message is sent and potentially retried.  In this case, SDD is 
   defined as the interval between sending a session completion message, 
   such as a BYE, and the resulting Timer F expiration.  The following 

 
 
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   flows provide an example of identifiable events necessary for inputs 
   in calculating SDD during a failed session completion attempt: 

   Measuring SDD at the UAC - 

               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |ACK                   |  
                |--------------------->| 
                |BYE                   | 
         T1---->|--------------------->| 
            /\  |BYE                   | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
           SDD  |BYE                   | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
            \/  |                      | 
         T4---->|***Timer F Expires    | 

   Measuring SDD at the UAS - 

               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |ACK                   |  
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   BYE| 
                |<---------------------|<----T1 
                |                   BYE|  /\ 
                |<---------------------|  || 
                |                   BYE| SDD 
                |<---------------------|  || 
                |                      |  \/ 
                |    Timer F Expires***|<----T4 

4.5. Session Duration Time (SDT) 

   This metric is used to detect problems (e.g. poor audio quality) 
   causing short session durations.  SDT is measured for both successful 
 
 
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   and failed session completions.  It can be measured from both a UAC 
   and UAS perspective.  This metric is similar to Call Hold Time, and 
   is traditionally calculated as Average Call Hold Time (ACHT) in 
   telephony applications of SIP.  The output value of this metric is 
   numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate seconds.  The following 
   represents the calculation for this metric: 

   SDT = Time of BYE or Timeout - Time of 200 OK response to INVITE 

4.5.1. Successful session completion SDT 

   In a successful session completion, SDT is calculated as an average 
   and is defined as the duration of a dialog from receipt of a 200 OK 
   response to an INVITE and an associated BYE message indicating dialog 
   completion. 

   The following flows provide an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SDT during a successful session 
   completion (The message flows are changed between the UAC and UAS to 
   provide varying examples.): 
    
   Measuring SDT at the UAC - 
    
               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
         T1---->|<---------------------| 
            /\  |ACK                   | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
            ||  |                      | 
           SDT  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            ||  |                      | 
            \/  |BYE                   | 
         T4---->|--------------------->| 
                |                      | 
    
    
   Measuring SDT at the UAS - 
    





 
 
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               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------|<----T1 
                |ACK                   |  /\ 
                |--------------------->|  || 
                |                      |  || 
                |                      |  SDT 
                |                      |  || 
                |                      |  || 
                |                   BYE|  \/ 
                |<---------------------|<----T4   
                |                      | 
    
   (In these two examples, T1 is the same even if the UAC/UAS receives 
   the BYE instead of sending it.) 
    
4.5.2. Failed session completion SDT 

   In some cases, no response is received after a session completion 
   message is sent and potentially retried.  In this case, SDT is 
   defined as the interval between sending a session completion message, 
   such as a BYE, and the resulting Timer F expiration.  The following 
   flows provide an example of identifiable events necessary for inputs 
   in calculating SDT during a failed session completion attempt: 

   Measuring SDT at the UAC - 

               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
         T1---->|<---------------------| 
            /\  |BYE                   | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
            ||  |BYE                   | 
           SDT  |--------------------->| 
            ||  |BYE                   | 
            ||  |--------------------->| 
            \/  |                      | 
         T4---->|***Timer F Expires    | 
    
 
 
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   Measuring SDT at the UAS - 
    
               UA1                    UA2 
                |                      | 
                |INVITE                | 
                |--------------------->| 
                |                   180| 
                |<---------------------| 
                |                   200| 
                |<---------------------|<----T1 
                |                   BYE|  /\ 
                |<---------------------|  || 
                |                   BYE|  || 
                |<---------------------|  SDT 
                |                   BYE|  || 
                |<---------------------|  || 
                |                      |  \/ 
                |    Timer F Expires***|<----T4 
    
    
4.6. Hops per Request (HpR) 

   This metric is used to indicate potential inefficient routing and to 
   detect failure occurrences related to the number of elements 
   traversed by a single SIP INVITE or MESSAGE request.  HpR is defined 
   as the number of hops traversed by an INVITE or MESSAGE request.  
   This metric requires the Max-Forwards value to be captured at both 
   the originating UAC or proxy and the terminating UAS or proxy 
   perspective as relative to the end-to-end network under measurement.  
   The output value of this metric is measured in a numerical value 
   indicating a number of hops. 

   Variables = 

      a = Initial INVITE/MESSAGE "Max-Forwards" value 

      b = Initial INVITE/MESSAGE received by terminating UAS "Max-        
      Forwards" value 

      c = # of Hops for INVITE/MESSAGE requests 

      c = a - b  

   The following dialog provides an example describing the inputs 
   necessary for this calculation.  Although this example is of an 
   INVITE SIP dialog request, a MESSAGE request is similar in its use of 
   the Max-Forwards header. (The dialog continuation was omitted for 
   clarity): 

 
 
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       UA1           Proxy 1          Proxy 2             UA2 
        |                |                |                | 
        |INVITE          |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |             407|                |                | 
        |<---------------|                |                | 
        |ACK             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |INVITE (F4)     |                |                | 
        |--------------->|INVITE (F5)     |                | 
        |             100|--------------->|INVITE (F6)     | 
        |<---------------|             100|--------------->| 
        |                |<---------------|                | 
    
   Message Details (Only the message details of the INVITE messages have 
   been included for clarity.  Also, some headers after Max-Forwards 
   have been omitted for additional clarity.): 
    
   (F4) INVITE UA1 -> Proxy 1 
    
     INVITE sip:ua2@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0 
     Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 
   client.atlanta.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9 
      Max-Forwards: 70 
      Route: <sip:ss1.atlanta.example.com;lr> 
      From: UA1 <sip:ua1@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl 
      To: UA2 <sip:ua2@biloxi.example.com> 
    
      (F5) INVITE Proxy 1 -> Proxy 2 
    
      INVITE sip:ua2@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0 
      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 
   ss1.atlanta.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1 
      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 
   client.atlanta.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9 
       ;received=192.0.2.101 
      Max-Forwards: 69 
      Record-Route: <sip:ss1.atlanta.example.com;lr> 
      From: UA1 <sip:ua1@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl 
      To: UA2 <sip:ua2@biloxi.example.com> 
    
      (F6) INVITE Proxy 2 -> UA2 
    
      INVITE sip:ua2@client.biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0 
      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ss2.biloxi.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK721e4.1 
      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 
   ss1.atlanta.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1 
       ;received=192.0.2.111 

 
 
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      Via: SIP/2.0/TCP 
   client.atlanta.example.com:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9 
       ;received=192.0.2.101 
      Max-Forwards: 68 
      Record-Route: <sip:ss2.biloxi.example.com;lr>, 
       <sip:ss1.atlanta.example.com;lr> 
      From: UA1 <sip:ua1@atlanta.example.com>;tag=9fxced76sl 
      To: UA2 <sip:ua2@biloxi.example.com> 
    
4.7. Session Establishment Ratio (SER) 

   This metric is used to detect the ability of a terminating UA or 
   downstream proxy to successfully establish sessions per new session 
   INVITE requests.  SER is defined as the number of new session INVITE 
   requests resulting in a 200 OK response, to the total number of 
   attempted INVITE requests less INVITE requests resulting in a 3XX 
   response.  This metric is similar to Answer Seizure Ratio (ASR) [8] 
   in telephony applications of SIP.  It is measured at the UAC only.  
   The output value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted 
   to indicate a percentage of successfully established sessions.  The 
   following represents the calculation for this metric: 
    
                   # of INVITE Requests w/ associated 200 OK 
   SER = --------------------------------------------------------- x 100 
     (Total # of INVITE Requests)-(# of INVITE Requests w/ 3XX Response) 
    
   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in determining session establishment as 
   described above: 
    
                        UA1                 UA2 
                         |                   | 
                         |INVITE             | 
            +----------->|------------------>| 
            |            |                180| 
            |            |<------------------| 
   Session Established   |                   | 
            |            |                   | 
            |            |                200| 
            +----------->|<------------------| 
                         |                   | 
4.7.1. Instant Messaging 

   This metric is also applicable to MESSAGE [10] requests.  In the 
   above metric, INVITE can be replaced with MESSAGE to provide SER for 
   IM.  The dialog will vary slightly as described in [10]. 

   The following flow provides an example of identifiable events 
   necessary for inputs in calculating SER for MESSAGE requests: 
 
 
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                        UA1                 UA2 
                         |                   | 
                         |MESSAGE            | 
            +----------->|------------------>| 
            |            |                   | 
   Session Established   |                   | 
            |            |                200| 
            +----------->|<------------------| 
                         |                   | 

    
4.8. Session Establishment Effectiveness Ratio (SEER) 

   This metric is complimentary to SER, but is intended to exclude the 
   potential effects of the terminating UAS from the metric.  SEER is 
   defined as the number of INVITE requests resulting in a 200 OK 
   response and INVITE requests resulting in a 480, 486, or 600; to the 
   total number of attempted INVITE requests less INVITE requests 
   resulting in a 3XX, 401, 402, and 407 response.  This metric is 
   similar to Network Effectiveness Ratio (NER) [8] in telephony 
   applications of SIP.  It is measured at the UAC only.  The output 
   value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate 
   a percentage of successfully established sessions less common UAS 
   failures.  The following represents the calculation for this metric: 

   a = 3XX, 401, 402, and 407 
    
       # of INVITE Requests w/ associated 200 OK, 480, 486, or 600 
   SEER = -------------------------------------------------------- x 100 
     (Total # of INVITE Requests)-(# of INVITE Requests w/ 'a' Response) 

   Reference the example flow is Section 4.7. 

4.9. Session Defects (SD) 

   Session defects provide a subset of SIP failure responses, which 
   consistently indicate a failure in dialog processing.  Defects are 
   necessary to provide input to calculations such as Defects per 
   Million (DPM) or other similar metrics.  These failure responses are 
   in response to initial session setup requests, such as a new INVITE.  
   The output value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted 
   to indicate a percentage of defective sessions.  The following 
   failure responses provide a guideline for defective criterion: 

     . 500 Server Internal Error 

     . 503 Service Unavailable 

     . 504 Server Timeout 
 
 
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   This set of failure responses was derived through correlating more 
   granular ISUP failure responses as described in RFC 3398 [14].  The 
   following represents the calculation for this metric: 

         # of INVITE Requests w/ associated 500, 503, or 504 
   SD = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100 
                      Total # of INVITE Requests 

4.10. Ineffective Session Attempts (ISA) 

   Ineffective session attempts occur when a proxy or agent internally 
   releases a setup request with a failed or overloaded condition. This 
   metric is similar to Ineffective Machine Attempts (IMA) in telephony 
   applications of SIP, and was adopted from Telcordia GR-512-CORE [7].  
   The output value of this metric is numerical and SHOULD be adjusted 
   to indicate a percentage of ineffective session attempts.  The 
   following failure responses provide a guideline for this criterion: 

      . 408 Request Timeout 

      . 500 Server Internal Error 

      . 503 Service Unavailable 

      . 504 Server Timeout 

   This set was derived in a similar manner as described in Section 4.9, 
   in addition 408 failure responses is indicative a overloaded state 
   with a downstream element. 

   This metric is calculated as a percentage of total session setup 
   requests.  The following represents the calculation for this metric: 

                   # of ISA  
   ISA % = ----------------------------- x 100 
            Total # of Session Requests 

4.11. Session Disconnect Failures (SDF) 

   Session disconnect failures occur when an active session is 
   terminated due to a failure condition that can be identified by a 
   REASON header [5] in a BYE message.  This occurs, for example, when a 
   user agent (UA) is controlling an IP or TDM (Time Division 
   Multiplexing) media gateway, and the media gateway notifies the UA of 
   a failure condition causing the loss of media related to an 
   established session.  The UA will release the session with a BYE, but 
   SHOULD include a REASON header indicating the session was 
   disconnected abnormally.  The REASON value is utilized to determine 
   the disconnect was a failure.  This metric is similar to Cutoff Calls 
 
 
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   (CC) in telephony applications of SIP, and was adopted from Telcordia 
   GR-512-CORE [7].  The input variables for this metric are captured 
   from the originating UAC or proxy perspective as relative to the end-
   to-end network under measurement.  The output value of this metric is 
   numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate a percentage of session 
   disconnect failures. 

   This metric is calculated as a percentage of total session completed 
   successfully as defined in Section 3.5.  The following represents the 
   calculation for this metric:     

                     # of SDF's 
   SDF % = ------------------------------- x 100 
             Total # of Session Requests 

4.12. Session Completion Ratio (SCR) 

   A session completion is defined as a SIP dialog, which completes 
   without failing due to a lack of response from an intended proxy or 
   UA.  This metric is only used when at least one proxy is involved in 
   the dialog.  This metric is similar to Call Completion Ratio (CCR) in 
   telephony applications of SIP.  The output value of this metric is 
   numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate a percentage of 
   successfully completed sessions. 

   This metric is calculated as a percentage of total sessions completed 
   successfully.  The following represents the calculation for this 
   metric: 

            # of Successfully Completed Sessions  
   SCR % = --------------------------------------- x 100 
                  Total # of Session Requests      
    

4.12.1. Successful Session Completion 

   A session completes successfully when it begins with a setup request 
   and ends with a session completion message. 

   The following dialog [4] provides an example describing the necessary 
   events of a successful session completion: 

    

    

    


 
 
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       UA1           Proxy 1          Proxy 2             UA2 
        |                |                |                | 
        |INVITE          |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |             407|                |                | 
        |<---------------|                |                | 
        |ACK             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |INVITE          |                |                | 
        |--------------->|INVITE          |                | 
        |             100|--------------->|INVITE          | 
        |<---------------|             100|--------------->| 
        |                |<---------------|                | 
        |                |                |             180| 
        |                |            180 |<---------------| 
        |             180|<---------------|                | 
        |<---------------|                |             200| 
        |                |             200|<---------------| 
        |             200|<---------------|                | 
        |<---------------|                |                | 
        |ACK             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|ACK             |                | 
        |                |--------------->|ACK             | 
        |                |                |--------------->| 
        |                Both Way RTP Media                | 
        |<================================================>| 
        |                |                |             BYE| 
        |                |             BYE|<---------------| 
        |             BYE|<---------------|                | 
        |<---------------|                |                | 
        |200             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|200             |                | 
        |                |--------------->|200             | 
        |                |                |--------------->| 
        |                |                |                | 
    

4.12.2. Failed Session Completion 

   Session completion fails when an INVITE is sent from a UAC, but there 
   is no indication the INVITE reached the intended UAS.  This can also 
   occur if the intended UAS does not respond to the UAC or the response 
   never reaches the UAC associated with the session. 

   The following dialog provides an example describing the necessary 
   events of an unsuccessful session completion: 

    

 
 
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       UA1           Proxy 1          Proxy 2             UA2 
        |                |                |                | 
        |INVITE          |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |             407|                |                | 
        |<---------------|                |                | 
        |ACK             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
        |INVITE          |                |                | 
        |--------------->|INVITE          |                | 
        |             100|--------------->|INVITE          | 
        |<---------------|             100|--------------->| 
        |                |<---------------|                | 
        |                |                |INVITE          | 
        |                |                |--------------->| 
        |                |                |                | 
        |                |                |INVITE          | 
        |                |                |--------------->| 
        |                |                |                | 
        |                |             408|                | 
        |             408|<---------------|                | 
        |<---------------|ACK             |                | 
        |                |--------------->|                | 
        |ACK             |                |                | 
        |--------------->|                |                | 
 
 
4.13. Session Success Ratio (SSR) 

   Session success ratio is defined as the percentage of successfully 
   completed sessions compared to sessions, which fail due to ISA or 
   SDF.  This metric is also known as Call Success Ratio (CSR) in 
   telephony applications of SIP.  The output value of this metric is 
   numerical and SHOULD be adjusted to indicate a percentage of 
   successful sessions.  The following represents the calculation for 
   this metric: 

   SSR = 100% - (ISA% + SDF%) 

5. Metric Correlations 

   These metrics may be used to determine the performance of a domain 
   and/or user.  This would be to provide a metric relative to one or 
   more dimensions.  The following is a subset of dimensions for 
   providing further granularity per metric: 

    


 
 
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        . To "user" 

        . From "user" 

        . Bi-direction "user" 

        . To "domain" 

        . From "domain" 

        . Bi-direction "domain" 

6. Additional Considerations 

6.1. Back-to-back User Agent (B2BUA) 

   A B2BUA may impact the ability to collect these metrics with an end-
   to-end perspective.  It is necessary to realize a B2BUA may act as an 
   originating UAC and terminating UAS or it may act as a proxy.  In 
   some cases, it may be necessary to consider information collected 
   from both sides of the B2BUA in order to determine the end-to-end 
   perspective.  In other cases, the B2BUA may act simply as a proxy 
   allowing data to be derived as necessary for the input into any of 
   the listed calculations. 

6.2. Authorization and Authentication 

   During the process of setting up a SIP dialog, various authentication 
   methods may be utilized.  These authentication methods will add to 
   the duration as measured by the metrics, and the length of time will 
   vary based on those methods.  The failures of these authentication 
   methods will also be captured by these metrics, since SIP is 
   ultimately used to indicate the success or failure of the 
   authorization and/or authentication attempt.  The metrics in section 
   3 are inclusive of the duration associated with this process, even if 
   the method is external to the SIP protocol.  This was included 
   purposefully, due to its inherent impact on the protocol and the 
   subsequent SIP dialogs. 

6.3. Forking 

   Forking SHOULD be considered when determining the messages associated 
   with the input values for the described metrics.  If all of the 
   forked dialogs were used in the metric calculations, the numbers 
   would skew dramatically.  There are two different points of forking, 
   which MUST be considered.  First, forking may occur at a proxy 
   downstream from the UAC that is being used for metric input values. 
   Since, the downstream proxy is responsible for forking a message and 
   then only sending the accepted response to the UAC, the UAC will only 
 
 
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   see messages as indicated in the described metrics.  Second, in the 
   cases where the observed UAC or proxy is forking the messages, then 
   it MUST utilize the first INVITE or set of INVITE messages sent and 
   the first accepted 200 OK.  A tag will identify this dialog as 
   distinct from the other 200 OK responses, which are acknowledged and 
   an immediate BYE is sent.  The application responsible for capturing 
   and/or understanding the input values MUST utilize this tag to 
   distinguish between dialogs. 

6.4. Data Collection 

   The input necessary for these calculations may be collected in a 
   number of different manners.  It may be collected or retrieved from 
   call detail records (CDR) or raw signaling information generated by a 
   proxy or UA.  When using records, time synchronization MUST be 
   considered between applicable elements. 

   The information may also be transmitted through the use of network 
   management protocols like Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 
   [RFC 1157] and via future extensions to the SIP Management 
   Information Base (MIB) modules [6], or through a potential undefined 
   new performance metric event package [3] retrieved via SUBSCRIBE 
   requests. 

   Data may be collected for a sample of calls or all calls, and may 
   also be derived from test call scenarios.  These metrics are flexible 
   based on the needs of the application. 

6.5. Testing Documentation 

   In some cases, these metrics will be used to provide output values to 
   signify the performance level of a specific SIP-based element.  When 
   using these metrics in a test environment, the environment MUST be 
   accurately documented for the purposes of replicating any output 
   values in future testing and/or validation. 

7. Security Considerations 

   Security SHOULD be considered in the aspect of securing the relative 
   data utilized in providing input to the above calculations.  All 
   other aspects of security SHOULD be considered as described in [2].   

8. IANA Considerations 

   There are no IANA considerations at this time. 




 
 
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9. Conclusions 

   The proposed guideline provides a description of common performance 
   metrics, and their defined use with SIP.  The use of these metrics 
   will provide a common viewpoint across all vendors, service 
   providers, and users.  These metrics will likely be utilized in 
   production SIP environments for providing input regarding Key 
   Performance Indicators (KPI) and Service Level Agreement (SLA) 
   indications; however, they may also be used for testing end-to-end 
   SIP-based service environments. 

10. Contributors 

   The following people made substantial contributions to this work: 

   Carol Davids         Illinois Institute of Technology 
   Al Morton            AT&T Labs 
   Marian Delkinov      Ericsson 
   Adam Uzelac          Global Crossing 
   Jean-Francois Mule   CableLabs 
   Rich Terpstra        Level 3 Communications 

11. Acknowledgments 

   I would like to give a special thanks to Al Morton for contributing 
   the "Time Measurement Interval and Reporting" section (Section 3).  I 
   would also like to thank John Hearty and Dean Bayless for their 
   efforts in reviewing the draft and providing insight regarding 
   clarification of certain aspects described throughout the draft. 

12. References 

12.1. Normative References 

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement 
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 

   [2]   Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., 
         Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, "SIP: 
         Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002. 

   [3]   Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event 
         Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002. 

   [4]   Johnston, A., Donovan, S., Sparks, R., Cunningham, C., and K. 
         Summers, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Basic Call               
         Flow Examples", BCP 75, RFC 3665, December 2003. 


 
 
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   [5]   Schulzrinne, H., Oran, D., Camarillo, G., "The Reason Header 
         Field for the Sessions Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3326, 
         December 2002. 

   [6]   Lingle, K., Mule, J., Maeng, J., Walker, D., "Management 
         Information Base for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", 
         draft-ietf-sip-mib-10, Work in Progress. 

   [7]   Telcordia, "LSSGR: Reliability, Section 12", GR-512-CORE, Issue 
         2, January 1998. 

   [8]   ITU-T, "Series E: Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, 
         Service Operation and Human Factors", E.411, March 2000. 

   [9]   ITU-T, "Series E: Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, 
         Service Operation and Human Factors", E.721, May 1999. 

   [10]  B. Campbell, Ed, Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema, C., 
         Gurle, D., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for 
         Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002. 

   [11]  Crocker, D. and Overell, P.(Editors), "Augmented BNF for Syntax 
         Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, Internet Mail Consortium and 
         Demon Internet Ltd., November 1997. 

   [12]  Paxon, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J., Mathis, M., "Framework for 
         IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, May 1998. 

12.2. Informative References 

   [13]  Faber, T., Touch, J. and W. Yue, "The TIME-WAIT state in TCP 
         and Its Effect on Busy Servers", Proc. Infocom 1999 pp. 1573-
         1583. 

   [14]  Camarillo, G., Roach, A. B., Peterson, Jon, Ong, L., 
         "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) to 
         Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping", RFC 3398, December 
         2002. 











 
 
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Author's Addresses 

   Daryl Malas 
   CableLabs 
   858 Coal Creek Circle 
   Louisville, CO 80027 
   USA    
   EMail: d.malas@cablelabs.com 
 

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Disclaimer of Validity 

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an 
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Copyright Statement 

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). 


 
 
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   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions 
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors 
   retain all their rights. 

Acknowledgment 

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the 
   Internet Society. 

    







































 
 
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